This page distinguishes graphene oxide, graphene nanoplatelets and turbostratic graphene; identifies how dosage and dispersion change performance; and separates external literature from INFORM-specific validation.
Public technical summaryDOI-linked primary sourcesINFORM results: not yet claimed
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Material-class discipline
“Graphene” is not a sufficient specification
Different oxygen content, lateral size, thickness, defect density and surface chemistry create different dispersion, hydration and electrical behaviour. Cross-class comparison is directional only.
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Class
Defining feature
Indicative literature dosage
Electrical / sensing evidence
INFORM relevance
Claim state
GO · graphene oxide
Oxygenated, hydrophilic sheets; chemically distinct from low-oxygen graphene.Concept illustration
Common experimental range: approximately 0.03–0.08% by cement mass.
GF 35 reported at 0.05% GO and w/c 0.35 under the cited study conditions.
Mechanistic and test-design comparator; not a substitute for TG evidence.
Multi-layer platelet material; properties vary strongly with thickness and lateral size.Concept illustration
Studies span approximately 0.05–0.5%, with wider experimental ranges.
Conductivity and piezoresistivity depend strongly on dispersion and percolationGlossary · PercolationThe point at which conductive particles form a continuous network through a material, causing a sharp rise in conductivity.All terms →.
Closest broad comparator for low-oxygen platelet behaviour.
Percentages are mass fraction of cement unless a cited study states otherwise. They are not interchangeable with percentage of total binder, dispersion solids or concrete mass.
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Compare two classes
Indicative literature dosage on a shared logarithmic scale · % by cement mass
vs
0.01%
0.03%
0.1%
0.3%
1%
2%
No transferable range — study-specific
GO · graphene oxide0.03–0.08%Literature-supported · GF 35 reported at 0.05% GO, w/c 0.35.
No transferable range — study-specific
TG · turbostratic graphene0.03–0.06%Validation target · INFORM target range; not an established optimum.
Cross-class comparison is directional only. The TG range is an INFORM target, not an established optimum.
The variables that decide whether the mechanism survives
01 · Identity
Characterise the actual batch
Carbon purity alone does not identify graphene class. Raman, XRD, particle morphology, oxygen content and batch provenance form the minimum identity package.
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02 · Dispersion
Record energy, not just time
Device frequency, net energy, amplitude, duty cycle, volume and temperature are required. “Sonicated for 30 minutes” is not reproducible process information.
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03 · Chemistry
Control PCE and water
PCEGlossary · PCEPolycarboxylate ether: a class of superplasticiser admixture used to disperse particles and control the workability of cement mixes.All terms → type, PCE-to-carbon ratio, solids contribution and effective water-to-cement ratio can alter both rheology and apparent electrical behaviour.
Concept illustration · PCE type, PCE-to-carbon ratioConcept illustration · Solids contribution and effective water-to-cement ratio
04 · Network
Map the percolation region
A useful dosage must balance connectivity against agglomeration, workability, mechanical integrity and cost. One nominal dosage cannot establish an optimum.
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05 · Electrodes
Separate bulk response from contact effects
Four-electrodeGlossary · Four-electrode methodA measurement layout that separates current-carrying and voltage-sensing electrodes to reduce contact-resistance effects.All terms → geometry, consistent embedment, conductor isolation and polarity control reduce—but do not eliminate—contact and polarisation artefacts.
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06 · Environment
Measure the confounders
Moisture, temperature, age, curing, loading rate and rest period must be recorded because they can dominate resistance and gauge-factorGlossary · Gauge factorThe fractional change in electrical resistance per unit of strain; a common measure of sensing sensitivity.All terms → estimates.
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Primary anchors
Selected sources supporting the public technical boundary
These sources establish external evidence only. Detailed literature assessment, compatibility scoring and claim audit remain in the controlled dossier.
Source
Direct relevance
Boundary
Link
Luong et al., Nature 577 (2020)
Gram-scale flash Joule heating; turbostratic product; reported 7.2 kJ/g electrical energy and high-carbon-source yields.
Source includes inventor commercial interests; it does not validate INFORM scale-up economics or TG sensing performance.
A web link is not evidence of applicability. Before a value enters an INFORM decision model it must be mapped to material class, dosage basis, mix design, dispersion process, specimen, measurement method, controls and uncertainty.
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Inspect the test pathway behind the science
The validation roadmap shows how material identity, dispersion, specimen controls, DAQ readiness and signal validation are converted into gate decisions.
